Who Discovered Proton And The Nucleus?

Eugen Goldstein, a German discovered the presence of positive particles in the year 1898, and Ernest Rutherford, a New-Zealand born British discovered nucleus  in 1911 and proton in 1917.

TOPICS COVERED:

• Discovery of Protons
  • Eugen Goldstein’s Experiment and Result
  • Symbol & Properties of Protons

• Discovery of the Nucleus
  • Alpha Particle Scattering Experiment
  • Rutherford Atomic model

Who discovered protons and the nucleus

DISCOVERY OF PROTON

Eugen Goldstein discovered anode rays

The discovery of the electron by J.J. Thomson in the year 1897 revealed to the world that the atoms are divisible. This motivated other scientists and led to the discovery of the nucleus and other subatomic particles – proton and neutron.

After J.J. Thomson discovered negatively charged electrons, Eugen Goldstein, a German concluded that since all atoms are electrically neutral, thus there must be positively charged particles present in them. He discovered positively charged particles in the year 1898 while experimenting with a discharge tube, although with slight variation.

Some of the people around the world mistakenly consider Eugen Goldstein as the one who discovered the proton. But, it is not correct. He discovered anode rays, which comprise positively charged particles that may consist of particles other than a proton. It was Ernest Rutherford who discovered proton in the year 1917. Nevertheless, the work of Eugen Goldstein could not be undermined as proton would not have been discovered if positively charged particles have not been discovered in the first place.

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Eugen Goldstein’s Experiment and Result

Goldstein experimented with a discharge tube fitted with a perforated cathode and a layer of Zinc Sulphide applied on the wall of the glass tube behind the cathode.

On applying a high electric potential across the discharge tube he noted the presence of another ray along with cathode rays. These rays were traveling as waves in the opposite direction i.e. from the anode to the cathode. Some of these rays pass through holes in the cathode and result in a red glow after striking the glass wall covered with Zinc Sulphide. He named them ‘anode rays’.

Goldstein Anode Ray Experimental Setup

The rays or waves emitted from the anode behave just the opposite to the cathode ray in all respects when subjected to an electric and magnetic field. This proved that anode rays contained positively charged particles. Goldstein successfully measured the mass to the charge (m/q) ratio of the particles comprising anode rays. He also noted that this ratio of mass to the charge (m/q) varies with the type of gas inside the discharge tube. Thus, it proved that anode rays comprise particles of varying types.

Later on, Ernest Rutherford in the year 1911 conducted an alpha particle scattering experiment to uncover the basic structure of an atom. He discovered that all the positive charged particles join together to form a ‘nucleus’. This nucleus is present at the center of an atom and all electrons revolve around it.

In the year 1917, he discovered that these positively charged particles present in the nucleus are similar to those of H⁺ ions and named them ‘proton’.

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Symbol & Properties of Porton

The symbol used to denote proton is ₊₁p¹, where the superscript ‘1’ represents 1 AMU (atomic mass unit) mass and the subscript ‘+1’ represents its one unit positive charge.

1. A proton is an integral part of the nucleus of all atoms.
2. A proton has a definite mass and it carries a definite electric charge.
3. The mass of a proton is nearly equal to the mass of an atom of hydrogen, i.e. 1.672 x 10^-24 g.
4. The positive charge on a proton is equal to the negative charge on an electron, i.e. 1.602 x 10^-19 coulombs.

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DISCOVERY OF THE NUCLEUS

In 1911, Ernest Rutherford a scientist from New Zealand experimented to find the arrangement of electrons and positively charged particles i.e. protons in an atom. His experiment led to the discovery of a small, positively charged nucleus at the center of an atom.

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Rutherford Alpha Particle Scattering Experiment

Alpha particles are positively charged particles comprising two numbers of protons and two numbers of neutrons. In other words, they are helium atoms without two numbers of electrons. Some atoms of heavy elements with a large neutron to proton ratio in their nuclei emit alpha particles to bring parent nuclei to a more stable configuration.

Nucleus was discovered by Rutherford in an experiment widely known as the alpha particle scattering experiment. In his experiment, Rutherford surrounded a thin sheet of gold (0.00004 cm thickness) with a screen made of Zinc Sulphide. The screen allowed passage for a thin beam of alpha particles emitted from the radioactive source. He bombarded this thin sheet of gold with alpha particles in an evacuated chamber. Alpha particles after reflecting or passing through the gold sheet struck the Zinc Sulphide screen and produced a red glow at the point of contact. He noted locations where alpha particles struck the screen and concluded as follows:

1. Most of the alpha particles passed straight through the foil without any deflection from their path.
2. A small fraction of them was deflected from their original path by small angles.
3. Only a few particles bounced back.

Step by step demonstration of Alpha particles scattering experiment. Video courtesy blenderIITB

Based on the above observations, Rutherford made the following conclusions:

1. Most of the space in an atom was empty because alpha particles went straight.
2. The deflection of a small fraction of alpha particles occurs due to the presence of a heavy positively charged mass in the atom.
3. The positively charged mass is very small and is centrally located because only a few particles bounced back. He named this positively charged mass discovered by him – the ‘nucleus’ of an atom.

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Rutherford Atomic Model

Based on his experiment, he suggested a model for the structure of the atom. According to this model, an atom consists of mainly two parts:

Part-1: The centrally located nucleus

Ernest Rutherford, the one who discovered the nucleus and protons

1. The nucleus is a centrally located positively charged mass.
2. As electrons have negligible mass thus, the entire mass of the atom is present inside the nucleus. It is the densest part of the atom.
3. If compared to the size of the atom as a whole the size of the nucleus is very small.

If we consider a circular stadium as an atom, then its nucleus is no more than a cricket ball placed at the center of the stadium.

Part-2: The outer circular orbits

1. Electrons revolve around circular orbits (shells) in the space available around the nucleus.
2. An atom is electrically neutral i.e. the number of protons and the number of electrons present in an atom is equal.
   

   Rutherford’s Atomic Model

Thus, a model proposed by Rutherford is somewhat similar to that of the solar system. Just as in the solar system, the sun is at the center and the planets revolve around it, in an atom the electrons revolve around the centrally located nucleus containing protons.

Rutherford discovered proton in the year 1917, much later after the discovery of the nucleus. He discovered that positively charged particles present in the nucleus are similar to those of H⁺ ions and named them ‘proton’.

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FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

Q1. WHO DISCOVERED PROTON?

Ans: Ernest Rutherford, a New-Zealand born British discovered proton.

Q2. IN WHICH YEAR PROTON WAS DISCOVERED?

Ans: Ernest Rutherford discovered proton in 1917.

Q3. WHAT WAS DISCOVERED BY EUGEN GOLDSTEIN?

Ans: Eugen Goldstein discovered anode rays, which comprise positively charged particles that may consist of particles other than a proton.

Q4. WHO DISCOVERED NUCLEUS?

Ans: Ernest Rutherford discovered the nucleus.

Q5. IN WHICH YEAR NUCLEUS WAS DISCOVERED?

Ans: Ernest Rutherford discovered the nucleus in 1911 when he carried out the ‘Alpha Particle Scattering Experiment’.